http://hdl.handle.net/11531/4153 WorkingPaper, ponencias invitadas y contribuciones en congresos no publicadas Tue, 07 Jul 2026 07:54:54 GMT 2026-07-07T07:54:54Z http://hdl.handle.net/11531/111361 Título : Analysis of the synchro-phasor measurements of the power system oscillations involved in the Iberian Peninsula blackout Autor : Avila Martinez, Regulo Enrique; Rouco Rodríguez, Luis Resumen : ; At 12:33 on 28th April 2025, a blackout occurred in the Iberian electricity system. Sixty million people lost the electricity supply. This is the first time in the history of the Spanish peninsular electricity system that a blackout has occurred. It is only comparable in continental Europe in terms of severity to the blackout of the Italian system on September 28, 2003. Although the trigger of the blackout was a cascading series of generation disconnections and voltage increases, the system conditions were affected by actions taken by the Spanish TSO to mitigate two episodes of sustained power system oscillations (one 0.6 Hz and the other 0.2 Hz) that occurred minutes earlier.  This contribution will present an analysis of the synchro-phasor measurements of the power system oscillations involved in the Iberian Peninsula blackout. In particular, the controversy about the nature of the 0.6 Hz oscillation will be reviewed and discussed. http://hdl.handle.net/11531/111361 http://hdl.handle.net/11531/111360 Título : Kinematics and belt loads of the pelvis of reclined female Post Mortem Human Subjects in frontal impacts Autor : López Valdés, Francisco José; Jokubaityte, Ema; Rodríguez-Morcillo García, Carlos; Carpintero Rubio, Carlos Javier; Asensio Gil, Juan Manuel; Jiménez Octavio, Jesús Ramón Resumen : ; Objective This study examined the response of Post Mortem Human Subjects (PMHS) in reclined postures in frontal impacts. It aims to evaluate (1) the effect of initial lap belt position on pelvis kinematics during repeated low-speed  impacts; and (2) pelvis injury outcomes and kinematics during  high-speed  impacts. Methods Two 50th-percentile female PMHS were exposed to six frontal impacts (three per subject). Each PMHS underwent two low-speed, non-injurious events (nominal delta-v: 10 km/h) followed by one high-speed, injurious test (nominal delta-v: 40 km/h). A CT scan was performed immediately  after the two low-speed tests to confirm the absence of injury.s. All tests represented nominally frontal impacts. Occupants were seated on a semi-rigid seat (seat pan angle: 15°, reclined seatback angle: 45°) and restrained by a three-point seat belt system equipped with a crash locking tongue, three pretensioners (2.5 kN) and three load limiters (approximately 4 kN at the shoulder belt and 5.5 kN bilaterally at the lap belt). The shoulder belt pretensioner was activated only in the high-speed tests. In the two low-speed trials, the lap belt was first positioned immediately inferior to the Anterior Superior Iliac Spines (ASIS) and then further inferiorly on the lap of the subject to assess sensitivity to initial belt placement. Kinematics were recorded using 6-DX sensors and VICON marker clusters. A detailed autopsy was performed after the tests. Recruitment and handling of PMHS were reviewed and approved by the relevant Ethics Committee Results CT performed after the low-speed tests confirmed the absence of injury under the tested conditions. Submarining was not observed in any test, regardless of the delta-v. The pelvis of the PMHS rotated rearward, and the peak rotation magnitude was similar between subjects (4 deg and 6 deg, in the low-speed and high-speed tests respectively). The second PMHS peak pelvis rotation occurred after that of the first PMHS, regardless of test speed.. This delay was attributed to the greater anterior adipose tissue of PMHS2 compared to PMHS1. Shoulder belt forces were comparable between the subjects, while the lap belt force experimented by PMHS2 was larger due to the subject´s greater body mass. PMHS1 sustained a pelvic fracture and lumbar spine injuries. Both PMHS sustained multiple rib fractures and lower cervical spine injuries. Conclusions Lap-belt pretensioning appeared to reduce the influence of initial lap-belt position in both subjects, provided that the belt was initially routed inferior to the ASIS. Greater anterior pelvic soft-tissue thickness in PMHS2 delayed effective lap-belt engagement with the pelvis but did not substantially alter the magnitude of rearward pelvic rotation. No submarining was identified based on video review, belt force histories, and pelvic kinematics. http://hdl.handle.net/11531/111360 http://hdl.handle.net/11531/111193 Título : Settlement Design for Secondary Regulation Service: A Case Study of the Spanish aFRR Market Autor : Baringo Morales, Ana; Egido Cortés, Ignacio; Rouco Rodríguez, Luis Resumen : ; The Spanish Secondary Regulation Service (SRS), launched in 2024, introduced a new settlement mechanism for automatic Frequency Restoration Reserve (aFRR) that significantly impacts the remuneration and compliance obligations of Balancing Service Providers (BSPs). This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the SRS settlement model, detailing the calculation of marginal prices, accepted aFRR energy, and associated penalties for non-compliance. An illustrative example demonstrates the practical application of these concepts, highlighting discrepancies between delivered and accepted energy and their economic implications for BSPs. The results demonstrate that accurate bidding strategies and real-time monitoring are essential to maximize revenues and avoid penalties. Furthermore, the proposed framework is generalizable to any system operator implementing reserve markets, supporting harmonization efforts such as those promoted by the PICASSO project. http://hdl.handle.net/11531/111193 http://hdl.handle.net/11531/111192 Título : AGC Adaptation to the European aFRR Framework: Modeling and Validation of the Spanish Master Regulator Autor : Baringo Morales, Ana; Egido Cortés, Ignacio; Rouco Rodríguez, Luis Resumen : ; Load–frequency control is a fundamental function in the operation of power systems, responsible for maintaining within acceptable values the frequency of the system and the scheduled power exchange. In 2024, the Spanish Transmission System Operator, Red El´ectrica, implemented a new Secondary Regulation Service (SRS) as part of the European PICASSO initiative for the coordination of automatic Frequency Restoration Reserves. This transition represents a fundamental change with respect to the former shared peninsular regulation scheme and requires a profound adaptation of the national Automatic Generation Control system, particularly of the master regulator.This paper presents a comprehensive framework for the modeling, tuning, and validation of the Spanish master regulator under the new SRS. The proposed approach integrates a detailed simulation of the new SRS. The methodology is validated through a realistic case study that reproduces actual SRS operating conditions and evaluates both master regulator performance and BSP dynamic response. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed modeling approach and its applicability to other European aFRR implementations. http://hdl.handle.net/11531/111192