Análisis y optimización energética de una vivienda

Abstract

Este trabajo presenta el análisis energético de un edificio residencial en Madrid, en la calle Joaquín Arroyo 5. En el proyecto se integra tanto el rediseño de una instalación fotovoltaica de autoconsumo, como la comparativa con una instalación fotovoltaica reciente realizada por una constructora para el beneficio de los vecinos. Así como la evaluación de medidas de eficiencia energética, estas incluyen la mejora de la envolvente mediante la técnica de insuflado, la instalación de un sistema de aerotermia y la posibilidad de que estos sean sistemas híbridos combinando la bomba de calor con la caldera de gas existente, así como soluciones de control solar en ventanas. Se modelan dos configuraciones fotovoltaicas en cubierta plana e inclinada con PVsyst, se comparan con un proyecto real ejecutado y se evalúan los indicadores de viabilidad económica típicos, incluyendo el CAPEX, OPEX, VAN, TIR, LCOE. Los resultados muestran amortización de la planta FV en 5 años, un LCOE inferior al coste de red y una rentabilidad robusta; la mejora de envolvente reduce en aproximadamente 20% el consumo de gas con una amortización de entre 5 y 6 años, y la opción híbrida con aerotermia equilibrada presenta retornos del orden de 6 años, configurándose un itinerario de rehabilitación por etapas con sólida justificación técnico-económica.

This work presents an energy analysis of a residential building located in Madrid, at Joaquín Arroyo Street 5. The project integrates both the redesign of a photovoltaic self-consumption system and a comparison with a recently installed photovoltaic system implemented by a construction company for the benefit of the residents. In addition, the study evaluates several energy efficiency measures aimed at reducing energy demand and improving the overall performance of the building. These measures include the enhancement of the building envelope through cavity wall insulation using the injection technique, the installation of an air-source heat pump system (aerothermal system), and the possibility of hybrid configurations that combine the heat pump with the existing gas boiler. Furthermore, solar control solutions for windows are considered as complementary measures to improve indoor comfort and reduce cooling demand. Two photovoltaic configurations, located on both flat and pitched roofs, are modelled using PVsyst and subsequently compared with a real, recently executed project. The technical and economic performance of the proposed solutions is assessed through standard economic indicators, including capital expenditure (CAPEX), operating expenditure (OPEX), net present value (NPV), internal rate of return (IRR), and levelized cost of energy (LCOE). The results indicate that the photovoltaic system achieves a payback period of approximately five years, with an LCOE lower than the electricity purchase price from the grid and a robust overall profitability. The improvement of the building envelope leads to an estimated reduction of around 20% in gas consumption, with a payback period between five and six years. In turn, the balanced hybrid aerothermal solution shows returns on the order of six years. Altogether, the findings support a phased energy renovation pathway with a solid technical and economic justification, demonstrating the feasibility and effectiveness of combining demand reduction measures with renewable energy generation and efficient thermal systems.