Gesteira Miñarro, Roberto Yoshizawa, Takahito Palacios Hielscher, Rafael López López, Gregorio 2026-01-26T05:18:47Z 2026-01-26T05:18:47Z 2026-04-01 0920-5489 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csi.2026.104133 Artículos en revistas Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communication technologies are revolutionizing transportation by enabling real-time information exchange among vehicles, infrastructure, pedestrians, and networks. While these technologies offer significant benefits in terms of road safety, traffic efficiency, and support for autonomous driving, they also introduce critical security and privacy risks due to their decentralized and dynamic nature. In this paper, we perform an analysis of the ETSI Intelligent Transport System (ITS) standards, specifications and reports to identify vulnerabilities that could be exploited to cause cyber–physical damages. We focus particularly on Cooperative Awareness Messages (CAM) and Decentralized Environmental Notification Messages (DENM) in the ETSI ITS standard, and pseudonym ID mechanisms. We identified several security issues, including vulnerabilities that lead to replay attacks, identity-based attacks such as spoofing and Sybil attacks, as well as grayhole attacks. We present attack scenarios where the issues found can be leveraged to compromise road safety, and quantify their potential impact through simulations using Eclipse SUMO. These scenarios might be relevant during a transition period where V2X-enabled vehicles coexist with legacy vehicles. Furthermore, we propose mitigations to address the identified issues. Our findings highlight the need for stronger security measures in V2X systems to ensure both safety and security in future intelligent transportation systems. Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communication technologies are revolutionizing transportation by enabling real-time information exchange among vehicles, infrastructure, pedestrians, and networks. While these technologies offer significant benefits in terms of road safety, traffic efficiency, and support for autonomous driving, they also introduce critical security and privacy risks due to their decentralized and dynamic nature. In this paper, we perform an analysis of the ETSI Intelligent Transport System (ITS) standards, specifications and reports to identify vulnerabilities that could be exploited to cause cyber–physical damages. We focus particularly on Cooperative Awareness Messages (CAM) and Decentralized Environmental Notification Messages (DENM) in the ETSI ITS standard, and pseudonym ID mechanisms. We identified several security issues, including vulnerabilities that lead to replay attacks, identity-based attacks such as spoofing and Sybil attacks, as well as grayhole attacks. We present attack scenarios where the issues found can be leveraged to compromise road safety, and quantify their potential impact through simulations using Eclipse SUMO. These scenarios might be relevant during a transition period where V2X-enabled vehicles coexist with legacy vehicles. Furthermore, we propose mitigations to address the identified issues. Our findings highlight the need for stronger security measures in V2X systems to ensure both safety and security in future intelligent transportation systems. application/pdf en-GB Revista: Computer Standards & Interfaces, Periodo: 1, Volumen: online, Número: , Página inicial: 104133-1, Página final: 104133-10 Instituto de Investigación Tecnológica (IIT) Highway to Hack - Security gaps in ETSI ITS standards info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess Cooperative awareness; Vehicle-to-everything; Replay attack; Pseudonym; Simulation; Cybersecurity Cooperative awareness; Vehicle-to-everything; Replay attack; Pseudonym; Simulation; Cybersecurity