Abstract
Similarly to other European countries, mechanisms for the promotion of electricity generation from renewable energy sources (RES) and combined heat and power (CHP) production have caused a significant growth in distributed generation (DG) in Spain. Low DGRES penetration levels do not have a major impact on electricity systems. However, several problems arise as DG shares increase. Smarter distribution grids are deemed necessary to facilitate DGRES integration. This involves modifying the way distribution networks are currently planned and operated. Furthermore, DG and demand should also adopt a more active role. This paper reviews the current situation of DGRES in Spain including penetration rates, support payments for DGRES, level of market integration, economic regulation of Distribution System Operators (DSOs), smart metering implementation, grid operation and planning, and incentives for DSO innovation. This paper identifies several improvements that could be made to the treatment of DGRES. Key aspects of an efficient DGRES integration are identified and several regulatory changes specific to the Spanish situation are recommended.
Large-scale integration of renewable and distributed generation of electricity in Spain: current situation and future needs
