Keywords
Inteligencia artificial, derecho, transparencia algorítmica, eficiencia, justicia, Artificial intelligence, Law, Algorithmic transparency, Efficiency, Justice.
Hacia un Leviatán invisible. Justicia sin epieikeia en la era digital
Abstract
Hacia el Leviatán invisible. Justicia sin epieikeia en la era de la IA (Marcial Pons, 2026) nace de una convicción: los juristas no podemos ser meros espectadores de esta revolución digital. Al buscar una justicia perfecta, libre de sesgos y de cansancio humano, hemos cometido un error de base: confundir la eficacia con la justicia. La justicia no es un resultado aritmético, sino un juicio de valor. Y cuando delegamos en una máquina el patrimonio, la salud o la libertad de una persona, no optimizamos el Derecho, lo vaciamos de contenido ético. La IA no elimina el sesgo: lo automatiza, lo escala y lo vuelve invisible bajo una capa de infalibilidad matemática. Frente a ello, el libro reivindica el humanismo jurídico y una «reserva de humanidad», según la cual ninguna caja negra puede ser fuente de derecho si no explica su decisión en términos comprensibles para una persona. Recupera también la epieikeia, la equidad de los clásicos: la capacidad de decir «la regla es correcta en general, pero aquí sería cruel». Sin ella, la IA se convierte en un autómata ciego que puede cumplir la ley y, aun así, cometer una injusticia absoluta. A lo largo de sus capítulos el libro recorre las alucinaciones de la IA, la tensión entre identidad y dato con su posible debilitamiento democrático, la creatividad artificial frente a la humana, la decisión algorítmica y la aversión al algoritmo, la equidad algorítmica y la opacidad en la contratación. No es un alegato tecnófobo, porque la técnica ya está aquí y no va a retroceder. Es una invitación a iluminar los rincones oscuros de ese Leviatán y a legislar no solo para la eficiencia, sino para la justicia
Towards the Invisible Leviathan: Justice Without Epieikeia in the Age of AI (Marcial Pons, 2026) is born out of a conviction: legal professionals cannot remain mere spectators of this digital revolution. In pursuing perfect justice, free from bias and human fatigue, we have made a fundamental mistake: confusing efficiency with justice. Justice is not an arithmetic outcome, but a value judgment. And when we delegate decisions concerning a person's property, health, or freedom to a machine, we are not optimizing the law; we are stripping it of its ethical substance. AI does not eliminate bias: it automates it, amplifies it, and renders it invisible beneath a veneer of mathematical infallibility. In response, the book advocates legal humanism and a “humanity safeguard”, according to which no black-box system should be allowed to serve as a source of law unless it can explain its decisions in terms that human beings can understand. The book also revives the concept of epieikeia, the classical notion of equity: the ability to recognize that “the rule is generally correct, but applying it in this particular case would be cruel.” Without it, AI becomes a blind automaton capable of complying with the law while nevertheless perpetrating an absolute injustice. Throughout its chapters, the book explores AI hallucinations; the tension between identity and data and its potential to undermine democracy; artificial versus human creativity; algorithmic decision-making and algorithm aversion; algorithmic fairness; and opacity in contractual relationships. This is not a technophobic manifesto, because technology is already here and there is no turning back. Rather, it is an invitation to shed light on the dark corners of this Leviathan and to legislate not merely for efficiency, but for justice.
Towards the Invisible Leviathan: Justice Without Epieikeia in the Age of AI (Marcial Pons, 2026) is born out of a conviction: legal professionals cannot remain mere spectators of this digital revolution. In pursuing perfect justice, free from bias and human fatigue, we have made a fundamental mistake: confusing efficiency with justice. Justice is not an arithmetic outcome, but a value judgment. And when we delegate decisions concerning a person's property, health, or freedom to a machine, we are not optimizing the law; we are stripping it of its ethical substance. AI does not eliminate bias: it automates it, amplifies it, and renders it invisible beneath a veneer of mathematical infallibility. In response, the book advocates legal humanism and a “humanity safeguard”, according to which no black-box system should be allowed to serve as a source of law unless it can explain its decisions in terms that human beings can understand. The book also revives the concept of epieikeia, the classical notion of equity: the ability to recognize that “the rule is generally correct, but applying it in this particular case would be cruel.” Without it, AI becomes a blind automaton capable of complying with the law while nevertheless perpetrating an absolute injustice. Throughout its chapters, the book explores AI hallucinations; the tension between identity and data and its potential to undermine democracy; artificial versus human creativity; algorithmic decision-making and algorithm aversion; algorithmic fairness; and opacity in contractual relationships. This is not a technophobic manifesto, because technology is already here and there is no turning back. Rather, it is an invitation to shed light on the dark corners of this Leviathan and to legislate not merely for efficiency, but for justice.
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