Keywords
Empresa, economía y sostenibilidad (E-SOST), Intenciones de Implementación, alimetnación saludable, meta-regresión, Implementation Intentions, healthy eating, meta-regression
What makes implementation intention interventions effective for promoting healthy eating behaviours? A meta-regression
Abstract
Este estudio examina la eficacia de las intenciones de implementación (II), una estrategia de autorregulación ampliamente utilizada para ayudar a las personas a lograr sus objetivos. Aunque investigaciones anteriores han demostrado que el efecto de las intervenciones II es significativamente mayor en la promoción de conductas alimentarias saludables que en la disminución de las conductas alimentarias no saludables, los factores que pueden moderar la efectividad de estas intervenciones siguen sin estar claros. En un metanálisis de 70 intervenciones (N = 9689), confirmamos que las intervenciones II para conductas alimentarias saludables produjeron un tamaño de efecto medio significativo (d = 0,33) y una talla de efecto significativamente baja para conductas alimentarias no saludables (d = 0,18). Mostramos que las variables moderadoras de las intervenciones II para objetivos alimenticios saludables y no saludables son muy diferentes. Con respecto a la alimentación saludable, ya que las variables moderadoras explican el 53% de la varianza en la heterogeneidad de los tamaños del efecto, el presente estudio ayuda a comprender los resultados inconsistentes anteriores y ofrece sugerencias para diseñar intervenciones más eficientes. El tamaño del efecto se predijo negativamente por la edad, lo que indica que para las personas más jóvenes el tamaño del efecto es mayor, y verifico que el instructor comprueba que el plan disminuye su eficacia. Además, el efecto de las intervenciones II en los estudiantes es significativamente menor que en las muestras de no estudiantes. En contraste, el tamaño del efecto se predijo positivamente mediante la capacitación inicial, las intervenciones realizadas fuera de línea y los planes de acción específicos "si-entonces" y los planes complejos. Para las conductas alimentarias poco saludables, nuestros resultados muestran que hay menos espacio para mejorar la intervención; solo hay una variable moderadora (formulación del plan), y la heterogeneidad encontrada en los estudios es menor para las conductas alimentarias no saludables (I2 = 46.70%) que para las conductas alimentarias saludables (I2 = 73.25%), lo que indica que la intervención tiene una eficacia baja independientemente del diseño de la intervención.
This study examines the efficacy of implementation intentions (II), a widely used self-regulatory strategy to help people achieve their goals. Although previous research has shown that the effect of II interventions is significantly higher in promoting healthy eating behaviours than in diminishing unhealthy eating behaviours, the factors that can moderate the effectiveness of these interventions remain unclear. In a meta-analysis of 70 interventions (N = 9689), we confirmed that II interventions for healthy eating behaviours yielded a medium significant effect size (d = 0.33) and a low significant effect size for unhealthy eating behaviors (d = 0.18). We show that the moderator variables of II interventions for healthy and unhealthy eating goals are very different. Regarding healthy eating, since moderator variables explain 53% of the variance in the heterogeneity of the effect sizes, the present study helps in gaining an understanding of the previous inconsistent results and offers suggestions for designing more efficient interventions. Effect size was negatively predicted by age, indicating that for younger people the effect size is higher, and II check, showing that if the instructor checks the plan it decreases its efficacy. Moreover, the effect of II interventions on students is significantly smaller than in non-student samples. In contrast, the effect size was positively predicted by initial training, off-line delivered interventions and, specific if-then and action plans versus complex plans. For unhealthy eating behaviours, our results show that there is less room to improve the intervention; there is only one moderator variable (plan formulation), and the heterogeneity found in the studies is lower for unhealthy eating behaviours (I2 = 46.70%) than for healthy eating behaviours (I2 = 73.25%), indicating that the intervention has low efficacy regardless of the design of the intervention.
This study examines the efficacy of implementation intentions (II), a widely used self-regulatory strategy to help people achieve their goals. Although previous research has shown that the effect of II interventions is significantly higher in promoting healthy eating behaviours than in diminishing unhealthy eating behaviours, the factors that can moderate the effectiveness of these interventions remain unclear. In a meta-analysis of 70 interventions (N = 9689), we confirmed that II interventions for healthy eating behaviours yielded a medium significant effect size (d = 0.33) and a low significant effect size for unhealthy eating behaviors (d = 0.18). We show that the moderator variables of II interventions for healthy and unhealthy eating goals are very different. Regarding healthy eating, since moderator variables explain 53% of the variance in the heterogeneity of the effect sizes, the present study helps in gaining an understanding of the previous inconsistent results and offers suggestions for designing more efficient interventions. Effect size was negatively predicted by age, indicating that for younger people the effect size is higher, and II check, showing that if the instructor checks the plan it decreases its efficacy. Moreover, the effect of II interventions on students is significantly smaller than in non-student samples. In contrast, the effect size was positively predicted by initial training, off-line delivered interventions and, specific if-then and action plans versus complex plans. For unhealthy eating behaviours, our results show that there is less room to improve the intervention; there is only one moderator variable (plan formulation), and the heterogeneity found in the studies is lower for unhealthy eating behaviours (I2 = 46.70%) than for healthy eating behaviours (I2 = 73.25%), indicating that the intervention has low efficacy regardless of the design of the intervention.
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