Keywords
MII-E (H62-electrotecnica), Vehículo eléctrico, Total Cost of Ownership, Incentivos, Impuestos, Balanza de pagos, Barreras, Electric vehicle, Total Cost of Ownership, Incentives, Taxes, Trade balance, Barriers
Impacto económico de una elevada penetración de vehículos eléctricos en España
Abstract
En España, las principales barreras a la adopción a gran escala del vehículo eléctrico son dos: una barrera económica, ya que el Total Cost of Ownership del vehículo eléctrico es generalmente superior al del vehículo de combustión interna; y una barrera técnica, asociada a la reducida autonomía y el prolongado tiempo de recarga del vehículo eléctrico.
Con el objetivo de reducir la diferencia en el TCO a corto plazo, se propone instaurar un plan estructural de incentivos directos a la compra de vehículos eléctricos, con una mayor partida presupuestaria y de forma transversal para todas las gamas de vehículos; aumentar los Impuestos Especiales sobre Hidrocarburos o imponer un IVA reducido para vehículos eléctricos, de modo que la fiscalidad asociada a la vida útil de un vehículo eléctrico sea efectivamente inferior al de su homólogo de combustión interna. Es fundamental que la regulación sea sostenible económicamente, por lo que se debe plantear una vía de compensación de dichas partidas que sea coherente con los objetivos medioambientales.
Aunque a largo plazo se puede esperar un aumento de la autonomía del vehículo eléctrico y una reducción del tiempo de recarga, en el corto plazo el regulador podría introducir incentivos a la instalación de puntos de recarga y planificar una infraestructura de recarga rápida a nivel nacional. Se hace necesaria la homogeneización regulatoria a nivel estatal de los incentivos no monetarios (preferencia de aparcamiento, etc.), estableciendo incentivos mínimos a implementar por los distintos municipios.
Por último, se ha concluido que el desarrollo de modelos de negocio innovadores podría permitir mitigar la incertidumbre a la que se enfrentan las empresas del sector de la automoción debido a la transformación progresiva del sector del transporte, así como reducir la barrera de entrada que suponen la reducida autonomía y el prolongado tiempo de recarga.
The main barriers to large-scale deployment of electric vehicles in Spain identified in this analysis are two: an economic barrier, due to the fact that electric vehicle’s TCO is generally higher than internal-combustions’; and a technical barrier, associated to nonmonetary obstacles such as reduced driving range and longer recharging times. Measures that could be taken to overcome TCO’s difference in the short-term have been identified: it is proposed to introduce a framework plan of direct subsidies to electric vehicle purchase in Spain, with a higher allocated budget and including all types of vehicles; to increase Special Taxes on Hydrocarbons or to reduce VAT on electric vehicles, in order to achieve real fiscal benefits for electric vehicles. It is crucial that regulation is cautious and sustainable so income lost by the State should be somehow compensated, in line with environmental policies. Even though, in the long-term, an increase in driving range and a reduction in recharge times can be expected, in the short-term, regulators should take measures to mitigate their effect on electric vehicle deployment: incentives to recharging infrastructure deployment and fast-charging infrastructure planning nation-wide. Regulatory homogeneity on nonmonetary incentives is required, so that at least minimum requirements on these incentives are met in every council. Finally, it has been concluded that the development of innovative business models could reduce electric vehicle entry barriers and mitigate some of the uncertainty faced by automotive firms due to this transition. To make this possible, regulators must be able to generate a technological and business innovation climate.
The main barriers to large-scale deployment of electric vehicles in Spain identified in this analysis are two: an economic barrier, due to the fact that electric vehicle’s TCO is generally higher than internal-combustions’; and a technical barrier, associated to nonmonetary obstacles such as reduced driving range and longer recharging times. Measures that could be taken to overcome TCO’s difference in the short-term have been identified: it is proposed to introduce a framework plan of direct subsidies to electric vehicle purchase in Spain, with a higher allocated budget and including all types of vehicles; to increase Special Taxes on Hydrocarbons or to reduce VAT on electric vehicles, in order to achieve real fiscal benefits for electric vehicles. It is crucial that regulation is cautious and sustainable so income lost by the State should be somehow compensated, in line with environmental policies. Even though, in the long-term, an increase in driving range and a reduction in recharge times can be expected, in the short-term, regulators should take measures to mitigate their effect on electric vehicle deployment: incentives to recharging infrastructure deployment and fast-charging infrastructure planning nation-wide. Regulatory homogeneity on nonmonetary incentives is required, so that at least minimum requirements on these incentives are met in every council. Finally, it has been concluded that the development of innovative business models could reduce electric vehicle entry barriers and mitigate some of the uncertainty faced by automotive firms due to this transition. To make this possible, regulators must be able to generate a technological and business innovation climate.
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