Keywords
Directiva de Retorno, Reglamento de Retorno, expulsión, crinmigración, efecto útil, derecho penal nacional, Return Directive, Return Regulation, expulsion, crimmigration, effet utile, national criminal law
Derecho penal nacional y política europea de retorno ante penas de prisión de larga duración (Sentencia del Tribunal de Justicia TJ 3.ª 13 de mayo 2026, as. C-877/24, Shamsi)
Abstract
En el asunto Shamsi (C-877/24), el Tribunal de Justicia de la Unión Europea aborda la relación entre las prerrogativas de los Estados miembros en materia de derecho penal y el efecto útil de la Directiva de Retorno (2008/115/CE). En particular, examina si la Directiva obliga a los Estados miembros a dictar una decisión de retorno frente a personas nacionales de terceros países que cumplen penas de prisión de larga duración, a pesar de que su expulsión resulte inejecutable durante décadas. El artículo sitúa la sentencia en la línea jurisprudencial iniciada por el TJUE en El Dridi (C-61/11 PPU) y Achughbabian (C-329/11) sobre los límites de la criminalización de la inmigración irregular por los Estados miembros, y muestra cómo, pese a alcanzar un resultado opuesto, el Tribunal mantiene la coherencia argumentativa con su jurisprudencia anterior.
In Shamsi (C-877/24), the Court of Justice of the European Union addresses the relationship between the Member States' prerogatives in the field of criminal law and the effet utile of the Return Directive (2008/115/EC). In particular, it examines whether the Directive requires Member States to issue a return decision against third-country nationals serving long-term custodial sentences, even if their expulsion cannot be enforced for decades. The article situates the judgment within the jurisprudence opened by the CJEU in El Dridi (C-61/11 PPU) and Achughbabian (C-329/11) on the limits of the criminalisation of irregular migration by the Member States, and it shows how, despite reaching opposite results, the Court remains coherent with prior jurisprudence. Finally, the article critically assesses the temporal dissociation between the issuance of the return decision and its enforcement.
In Shamsi (C-877/24), the Court of Justice of the European Union addresses the relationship between the Member States' prerogatives in the field of criminal law and the effet utile of the Return Directive (2008/115/EC). In particular, it examines whether the Directive requires Member States to issue a return decision against third-country nationals serving long-term custodial sentences, even if their expulsion cannot be enforced for decades. The article situates the judgment within the jurisprudence opened by the CJEU in El Dridi (C-61/11 PPU) and Achughbabian (C-329/11) on the limits of the criminalisation of irregular migration by the Member States, and it shows how, despite reaching opposite results, the Court remains coherent with prior jurisprudence. Finally, the article critically assesses the temporal dissociation between the issuance of the return decision and its enforcement.
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