Evidence of gender differences in the diagnosis and management of coronavirus disease 2019 patients: an analysis of electronic health records using natural language processing and machine learning

Abstract

Background: The impact of sex and gender in the incidence and severity of COVID-19 remains controversial. Here, we aim to describe the characteristics of COVID-19 patients at disease onset, with special focus on the diagnosis and management of female patients with COVID-19. Methods: We explored the unstructured free text in the electronic health records (EHRs) within the SESCAM Healthcare Network (Castilla La-Mancha, Spain). The study sample comprised the entire population with available EHRs (1,446,452 patients) from January 1st to May 1st, 2020. We extracted patients’ clinical information upon diagnosis, progression, and outcome for all COVID-19 cases. Results: A total of 4,780 patients with a confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19 were identified. Of these, 2,443 (51) were female, who were on average 1.5 years younger than male patients (61.7±19.4 vs. 63.3±18.3, p=0.0025). There were more female COVID-19 cases in the 15-59 year -old interval, with the greatest sex ratio (SR; 95 CI) observed in the 30-39 year-old age range (1.69; 1.35-2.11). Upon diagnosis, headache, anosmia, and ageusia were significantly more frequent in females than males. Imaging by chest X-ray or blood tests were performed less frequently in females (65.5 vs. 78.3 and 49.5 vs. 63.7, respectively), all p