Policies for reducing CO2 and other GHG emissions have motivated an increase in electrification in metropolitan areas, mandating reductions in energy consumption. Metro systems are keystone contributors to the sustainability ...

The Iberian Exception, the mechanism designed by the Spanish and Portuguese governments to address high electricity prices resulting from the gas price crisis in 2021 and 2022, has been met with controversy, both regarding ...

This paper proposes three dimensions relevant to the flexibility assessment: power gradient (i.e., ramps), power during critical hours, and energy available at different timescales. A two-phase procedure analyzes an electric ...